Expert systems

“It is a computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning about knowledge, represented primarily as IF-THEN rules rather than through conventional procedural code. The first expert systems were created in the 1970s and then proliferated in the 1980s. Expert systems were among the first truly successful forms of AI software” in other words, expert systems simply are computer programs that allow us to solve complex problems that would otherwise require a human expert in that field.

It is obvious that expert systems have a huge impact on many areas in our life. For example, we can use expert systems in health, education, business, accounting … etc. today, we will emphasize on expert systems that used in education. There are many filed that we can use expert system in education such as educational planning, decision making, mange student records, student consulting and spatial education program.



       It is shown in the fig1that expert system uses human knowledge captured in a program to find a solution for the specific problem. Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) is the best program for expert systems for dealing with expert heuristics. CAI simulates the teaching approach of an experienced teacher. It based in learning individual students according to their abilities and their speed. CAI is developed in there stages 1- conceptual stage 2- design stage 3- implementation stage.

Artificial neural network

“In computer science and related fields, artificial neural networks are computational models inspired by animals' central nervous systems (in particular the brain) that are capable of machine learning and pattern recognition. They are usually presented as systems of interconnected "neurons" that can compute values from inputs by feeding information through the network”. [1]

In some Nigerian universities there are poor quality of collages of graduates. So they apply examination systems. These universities applied artificial neural network (ANN) application. This application will help the faculty members to predict the likely performance of a candidate being considered for admission into the university. “Inspired by the structure of the brain, a neural network consists of a set of highly interconnected entities, called Processing Elements (PE) or units. Each unit is designed to mimic its biological counterpart, the neuron “